The application of nanoparticles in DASC is a relatively new concept ( Pathak, 2020). The study of direct absorption solar thermal collectors has been carried out using a composite nanofluids solution ( Gorji and Ranjbar, 2017 Wang et al., 2017). DASC absorbs large amounts of solar radiation from the Sun, meaning temperature distribution is uniform throughout the surface and results in a small amount of heat loss as compared to surface-based collectors ( Arefin, 2019 Poompavai and Kowsalya, 2020). To abridge the collector and increase its efficiency, direct absorption solar collector (DASC) has been suggested. Another way to increase photothermal conversion performance is through the use of composite nanofluids, which can be obtained by mixing binary nanoparticles. Therefore, it is necessary to exchange these typical solar collectors with directly absorbing solar collectors ( Amjad et al., 2018b Goel et al., 2020). However, the major drawback of this conventional surface base flat type is that, as the temperature of the flat plate increases, the radiant loss of heat occurs ( Kılkış, 2000 Sint et al., 2017 Shafieian et al., 2019). Solar energy is collected through flat-surface-based solar plates, converting this collected energy into heat and then delivering it to working fluid ( Amjad et al., 2018a Dehaj and Mohiabadi, 2019). Solar collectors have been utilized for the converting of solar radiation into thermal energy ( Conrado et al., 2017 Bellos and Tzivanidis, 2019). Thermal energy is the most commonly used among all of these. Solar energy utilization can be done by converting sun heat energy into a chemical form of energy, an electric form of energy, or a thermal form of energy. The Sun is a universal renewable energy source ( Moner-Girona et al., 2016). Among alternative energy resources, solar energy has gained the attention of many researchers for differing reasons ( Dudin et al., 2016 Oh et al., 2018 Guangul and Chala, 2019). The burning of fossil fuels causes serious environmental issues ( Ağbulut and Sarıdemir, 2019) to overcome these problems, alternative energy resources are being explored. These nanostructured energy materials are beneficial in solar-driven applications like solar desalination, solar water, and space heating.ĭue to the rapid increase in population, energy demands are increasing day by day and fossil fuels are being widely used to meet this demand ( Kriegler et al., 2017 Grubler et al., 2018). Significant improvements in the heat transfer rate of 23.52, 21.11, and 15.09% were observed for the nanofluids based on nanostructures of CuO, ZnO, and GO respectively, as compared to water. The simulation results show that for the whole year, nanofluids improved the performance of direct solar collectors. A maximum outlet temperature of 63☌ was observed for GO-based nanofluids. The numerical model is validated with experimental results. Various performance parameters of direct solar collectors were determined, such as variation in outlet collector temperature and heat transfer rates. The stability of these nanostructured materials in the water was investigated by using a UV‐Vis spectrophotometer.
![solar thermal trnsys solar thermal trnsys](https://aiguasol.coop/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/trnsys-ex-hvac.jpg)
![solar thermal trnsys solar thermal trnsys](https://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/downloads/simulationstudio.jpg)
The TRNSYS model consists of a direct solar collector and weather model for Lahore city, the simulations were performed for the whole year for 1,440 h. The analysis determines the outlet temperature of the working fluids that passed through the direct solar collector. The connective and conductive heat transfer from direct solar collectors were improved by using nanofluids and three different nanostructured materials, CuO, GO, and ZnO, in this study. In this study, a simulation based on the performance of a nanostructured solar collector has been carried out using TRNSYS. Direct absorption solar collectors (DASC) are a favorable alternative for their improved photothermal performance. The convective and conductive heat transfer between the solar collector and working fluids make photothermal performance limited, and result in a higher rate of heat loss from the surface of the conventional absorber to the surroundings. 3School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China.2School of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Brazil.1Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, New Campus, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.Muhammad Zain 1, Muhammad Amjad 1*, Muhammad Farooq 1, Zahid Anwar 1, Rabia Shoukat 1, Enio P.